Image Question-40
What is the diagnosis of Image? What is the diagnosis of Image? A. Salt and...
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Most common features of Ankylosing Spondylitis A. Postural abnormalities B. Buttock pain C. Hip pain...
Infectious diseases MCQs-3
Dengue fever caused by a type of A. Clavaviridae B. Flaviviridae C. Spiraviridae D. Adenoviridae...
Codman’s sign
Codman’s sign is seen in A. Osteochondritis dissecans B. Paget’s disease C. Rupture of the...
Phases of Valsalva maneuver
Four phases Phase I Onset of strain – associated with a transient rise in blood...
Thompson test
Thompson test examines A. Integrity of the Tympanic membrane B. Integrity of the Achilles tendon...
Dix–Hallpike maneuver
Dix–Hallpike maneuver is used to identify A. Diplopia B. BPPV C. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency D. Sensory...
Image Question-38
A. Hensen’s cells B. Oxyphil cell C. Mott cell D. Club cell Mott cells Mott...
Image Question-37
What is the diagnosis of the cell shown in Image? A. M-Cell B. Cart Wheel...
Gait disturbances
Gait disturbancesGaitCause Of GaitCause 1Antalgic Gaitpain2Vaulting gaitcommon in children with limb length discrepancypelvic droop, decreased…
“Cock-walk” gait and “horseshoe moustache” sign
MCQ “Cock-walk” gait and “horseshoe moustache” sign on MRI seen in- A. Hypermagnesemia B. Hypermanganesemia…
Adrenal Cortex
Where is adrenal cortex situated? adrenal cortex forms the outer three-quarters of the gland What…
Medicine MCQs-22
Delta ratio is a formula that can be used to assess -
Delta ratio, or "delta-delta", is a formula that can be used to assess elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
Salicylate poisoning causes typically -
Two of the most common and notable causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis -
High anion gap metabolic acidosis conditions include -
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
salicylate poisoning
Most common cause of a low anion gap is -
Low anion gap is often due to hypoalbuminemia.
Albumin is an anionic protein and its loss results in the retention of other negatively charged ions such as chloride and bicarbonate.
As bicarbonate and chloride anions are used to calculate the anion gap, there is a subsequent decrease.
All of the following are the exogenous causes of hyperchloremic acidosis EXCEPT -
Exogenous causes of hyperchloremic acidosis -
Ammonium chloride supplement
Hydrochloric acid supplement
Large volume resuscitation with normal saline
Which of the following is the major cause of Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a pathological state that results from bicarbonate loss, rather than acid production or retention.
Which is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in hospitalized patients?
Lactic acidosis is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in hospitalized patients.
What is the primary defect of type 1 renal tubular acidosis?
Primary defect of type 1 renal tubular acidosis -impairment in hydrogen ion secretion in the distal tubule
Metabolic acidosis is defined as a reduced serum pH, and an abnormal serum bicarbonate concentration of -
Metabolic acidosis is defined as a reduced serum pH, and an abnormal serum bicarbonate concentration of <22 mEq/L
What is the primary defect of type 2 renal tubular acidosis?
type 2 RTA - Proximal HCO3 - reabsorption
type 1 RTA - Diminished distal H+ secretion
It is called as elevated anion gap when anion gap is -
elevated anion gap - when anion gap is >12 mEq/L
Auer rods
Which conditions are associated with Auer rods ? Also called – Auer bodies These are…
Mitral valve prolapse
What is Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? MVP is a condition where there is usually a…
Medicine MCQs -21
Tiopronin is used for prevention of which type kidney stones-
Cystine
Focus for cystine stone prevention is on increasing cystine solubility.
This goal may be achieved by treatment with medication that covalently binds to cystine (tiopronin and penicillamine
Which is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate: The most common type of kidney stone which is created when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine.
Which stones are commonly caused by a urinary tract infection?
Struvite stones are virtually always caused by a urinary tract infection
When there is a stone is in the lower part of the ureter the pain can radiate to -
stone lodges in the upper part of the ureter - pain may radiate anteriorly
if the stone is in the lower part of the ureter - pain can radiate to the ipsilateral testicle in men or ipsilateral labium in women.
Which renal stones are called as infection stones?
Struvite stones, also known as infection stones or triplephosphate stones, form only when the upper urinary tract is infected
with urease-producing bacteria such as
Proteus mirabilis,
Klebsiella
pneumoniae,
Providencia species
Which kidney stones grow quickly to large size ?
Struvite stones - can grow very large quickly
All of the following are CORRECT about Dent's disease EXCEPT -
affects the proximal renal tubules
LMW proteinuria
What is the “gold standard” diagnostic test for Nephrolithiasis?
Nephrolithiasis - The “gold standard” diagnostic test is helical CT without contrast.
Staghorn calculi is produced by which type renal stones?
All of the following are CORRECT about Randall's plaques EXCEPT -
Randall's plaques
Randall's plaques - are calcium phosphate deposits
form in the papillary interstitium
Medicine MCQs -20
Anti-Müllerian hormone is -
AMH is a dimeric glycoprotein with a molar mass of 140 kDa
Vitamin-D overdose from UV exposure -
Vitamin-D overdose is impossible from UV exposure
Vitamin-D overdose is impossible from UV exposure: the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created
Cystic fibrosis is associated with channel defect -
CFTR is complex protein found on the surface membrane of cells in a wide variety of tissues where it functions as a regulated chloride ion channel.
Tunnel vision can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT -
Retinitis pigmentosa
Glaucoma
Primary erythromelalgia is caused by mutation of -
Primary erythromelalgia is caused by mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene SCN9A.
Intrinsic factor -
Intrinsic factor - glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells
Vascular angle of less than -------------- indicates severe ischaemia
vascular angle of less than 20 degrees indicates severe ischaemia
Vascular angle is the angle to which the leg has to be raised before it becomes pale, whilst lying down is called as -
vascular angle - also called Buerger's angle, is the angle to which the leg has to be raised before it becomes pale, whilst lying down.
Gissane angle, also known as the "critical angle of Gissane", is a measurement on lateral foot radiographs used to evaluate the severity of calcaneal fractures.
Böhler's angle is defined by two intersecting lines: one drawn from anterior process of the calcaneus to the highest part of posterior articular surface and a second drawn from the same point of posterior articular surface to the most superior point of tuberosity.
Meary's angle or the (lateral) talus-first metatarsal angle has been used to identify the apex of deformity in patients with pes cavus and pes planus on lateral weight-bearing foot radiographs.
POEMS syndrome includes all of the following EXCEPT -
The name POEMS is an acronym for some of the disease's major signs and symptoms -
polyneuropathy
organomegaly
endocrinopathy
myeloma protein
skin changes
Which of the following is correct for people with a darker skin pigment and production of vitamin D
People with a darker skin pigment with increased amounts of melanin may have decreased production of vitamin D
Melanin absorbs ultraviolet B radiation from the sun and reduces vitamin D production
Amaurosis Fugax
Transient visual loss Amaurosis fugax is a harbinger of an imminent stroke. Amaurosis fugax is…
Chest radiograph signs of Pulmonary Embolism
Classic chest radiograph signs of pulmonary emboli include – Signs of Pulmonary EmbolismFindings on X-Ray1…
Medicine MCQs – 19
FACED scale is used in bronchiectasis for -
Bronchiectasis Severity Index and the FACED scale
Two clinical scales have been used to predict disease severity and outcomes in bronchiectasis
Which of the following cells dominate in airway inflammation of bronchiectasis?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils dominate airway inflammation in bronchiectasis, driven by high concentrations of neutrophil chemoattractants such as interleukin-8 (CXCL-8), and leukotriene B4.
Which of the following is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis?
Chest computed tomography (CT) is more specific for bronchiectasis and is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis.
Which is the cardinal sign of bronchiectasis?
Bronchial dilation
Bronchial dilation, the cardinal sign of bronchiectasis
Which of the following has a particular propensity for colonizing damaged airways in bronchiectasis?
Pseudomonas
All of the following are common ccauses of 'Traction bronchiectasis' EXCEPT -
Traction bronchiectasis seen in - pulmonary fibrosis or distorted lung parenchymal architecture.
FACED scale uses ---------------- to predict clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis as one of the parameters.
FACED scale uses the FEV-1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), age of the affected person, presence of chronic infection, extent of disease (number of lung lobes involved) and dyspnea scale rating (MRC dyspnea scale) to predict clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis.
Bronchial dilation in bronchiectasis is characterized ALL of the following EXCEPT -
- Broncho arterial ratio (BAR) of more than 1
- Lack of bronchial tapering (normal airways diminish in caliber as they extend toward the lung periphery)
- Visibility of airways within 1 cm of the pleural surface (normal airways should not be visualized this far out in the lung periphery
- Abutting the mediastinal pleural surface
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation in bronchiectasis ?
Most common clinical presentation is a persistent productive cough with ongoing production of thick, tenacious sputum.
All of the following are findings in Bronchiectasis EXCEPT -
CT findings include airway dilation (detected as parallel “tram tracks” or as the “signet-ring sign”
Fleishner sign - central pulmonary artery enlargement - sign seen in Pulmonary emboli
Hanging Jaw Sign
“Hanging Jaw Sign” Myasthenia gravis Weakness of the muscles of facial expression and muscles of…
Medicine MCQs-18
Which of the following is the commonest form of Bronchiectasis?
Tubular - most common form of Bronchiectasis
Varicose, Cystic, Cylindrical
All of the following are false about 'Lead neuropathy' EXCEPT -
Lead toxicity is a very rare cause of neuropathy in adults. It has an unusual pattern that is classically an isolated motor neuropathy with a predilection for extensor muscles of the arms and legs.
presence of “tram tracks” in CT scan chest seen in -
Bronchiectasis -presence of “tram tracks” indicating dilated airways is consistent with bronchiectasis.
Which of the following shows characteristic “eggshell” pattern?
characteristic “eggshell” pattern -silicosis
Bronchodilator effect is due to inhibition of -
Bronchodilator effect of Theophylline is due to inhibition of phosphodiesterases
“signet-ring sign” in CT chest seen in -
Bronchiectasis
CT findings include airway dilation - detected as parallel
“tram tracks”
“signet-ring sign”
Which of the following medicine has side effect of 'dry mouth'?
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, or diuretic drugs are usually responsible
Focal bronchiectasis seen in which of the following cases?
Focal Obstruction
- aspirated foreign body
- tumor mass
Whic of the following the the most common CT finding in EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS?
most common CT findings include -
bilateral ground-glass opacity and airspace consolidation that is predominantly subpleural.
Other CT findings include bronchial wall thickening, hyperinflation, interlobular septal thickening, lymph node enlargement, and pericardial and pleural effusion
Which is the most common cancer associated with asbestos exposure?
Lung cancer is the most common cancer associated with asbestos exposure.
Mononeuritis multiplex most commonly involves -
Mononeuritis multiplex most commonly involves the peroneal nerve, but also involves the ulnar, radial, internal popliteal, and occasionally, cranial nerves.
Medicine MCQs- 17
Cerebellar gait ataxia is characterized by ALL of the following EXCEPT -
Cerebellar gait ataxia is characterized by a
wide base of support
Lateral instability of trunk
Erratic foot placement
Decompensation of balance
ALL of the following are correct about 'cautious gait' EXCEPT -
walks with an abbreviated stride and lowered center of mass， as if walking on a slippery surface
This disorder can be observed in more than one-third of older patients with gait impairment.
Tropical spastic paraparesis is caused by -
HTLV-1
Tropical spastic paraparesis - is a medical condition that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and sensory disturbance by human T-lymphotropic virus
Shuffling gait seen characteristically in -
Parkinsonian gait known as shuffling gait presents as short steps, narrow-based with flexed knees and stooped posture.
FREEZING GAIT is seen in all of the following EXCEPT -
Parkinsonism
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Multiple-system atrophy
Corticobasal degeneration
Most common dementia diagnosis among older adults
Alzheimer’s disease,
Frontal gait disorder is also known as -
Frontal gait disorder sometimes known as gait apraxia，
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is -
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is vascular disease
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is vascular disease， particularly subcortical small-vessel disease. Lesions are frequently found in the deep frontal white matter and centrum ovale.
What is the commonest type of gait disorders can also be classified by etiology?
Gait disorders can also be classified by etiology
Sensory deficit - 18%
Myelopathy - 16%
Multiple infarcts - 15%
Parkinsonism -11%
Commonest cause of cerebellar ataxia in older patients -
Causes of cerebellar ataxia in older patients include stroke , trauma，tumor，and neurodegenerative disease
Medicine MCQs-16
All of the following causes Hypercalcemia EXCEPT -
Hypercalcemia - sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Paget disease
Hypocalcemia is common in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Denosumab mimics the natural action of -
Denosumab mimics the natural action of osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily
What s the mechanism of action of Denosumab?
Denosumab inhibits this maturation of osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL.
Most common cancer associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy is -
The most common cancer associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy is multiple myeloma which has the highest prevalence of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Most common cause of hypercalcemia is -
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs in approximately ........ of all cancer patients during their clinical course.
Hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs in approximately 20% of all cancer patients during their clinical course.
Hungry bone syndrome seen after -
Parathyroid surgery
While mild hypocalcemia is common after partial parathyroidectomy, some people experience persistently prolonged low calcium levels. This is called hungry bone syndrome.
Human monoclonal antibody useful for treatment of hypercalcemia?
Denosumab - Human monoclonal antibody against RANKL
Inhibits the maturation, function and survival of osteoclasts.
Which of the following is the commonest pathophysiology of hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Excessive secretion of PTHrP is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy. It is also known as humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and accounts for about 80% of the cases.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein cause hypercalcemia by all of the following mechanism EXCEPT -
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
similarity in structure, it acts at the same receptor as PTH and causes bone resorption, increased phosphate excretion from the proximal tubules, and calcium reabsorption from the distal tubules. It does not have any effect on 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production.
