mbbs questions Archives - Medicine Question Bank

Anatomy

Arteria Lusoria

Arteria Lusoria Arteria lusoria refers to an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA)—the most common congenital...

Cardiology / Evaluation of Patients

Optical Coherence Tomography

1. What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Optical Coherence Tomography is an invasive intravascular imaging...

11. The preferred echocardiographic method for AV delay optimization in CRT is: A. E/e′ ratio B. Pulmonary vein flow C. Mitral inflow E–A separation D. Tissue Doppler Ts Optimal AV delay produces longest LV filling without E/A truncation. 12. Which echo parameter is maximized during VV delay optimization? A. EF B. MR jet area C. Septal motion D. LVOT VTI LVOT VTI reflects stroke volume and is the preferred echo marker. 13. Which echocardiographic feature indicates pseudo-nonresponse to CRT? A. No EF improvement B. Inadequate biventricular pacing C. Extensive scar D. RV dysfunction Fusion beats or low BiV pacing percentage can mimic CRT failure. 14. EchoCRT trial showed harm when CRT was used in patients with: A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. EF <30% D. Narrow QRS despite dyssynchrony CRT is contraindicated in narrow QRS even if echo dyssynchrony exists. 15. Which echocardiographic sign best predicts favorable reverse remodeling? A. Apical rocking B. SPWMD C. E/A fusion D. IVMD Apical rocking reflects correctable mechanical dyssynchrony. 16. Which LV segment should be avoided for lead placement? A. Latest activated B. Lateral wall C. Scarred myocardium D. Posterolateral wall Scarred segments do not respond to resynchronization pacing. 17. Reduction in functional MR after CRT is primarily due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved LV synchrony C. Increased LV contractility D. Shortened PR interval Synchronous contraction restores leaflet coaptation. 18. Which echo finding predicts poor CRT response in AF? A. LV dilation B. MR C. Septal flash D. Variable diastolic filling Irregular RR intervals impair effective resynchronization. 19. GLS improves after CRT due to: A. Increased preload B. Reduced afterload C. Improved synchrony D. Tachycardia CRT restores coordinated myocardial deformation. 20. Which echo parameter best reflects stroke volume? A. EF B. LVOT VTI C. E/e′ D. TAPSE LVOT VTI directly correlates with forward stroke volume. 21. RV dysfunction limits CRT benefit primarily by: A. Reduced EF B. Increased MR C. Delayed LV activation D. Reduced preload to LV RV failure limits LV filling despite resynchronization. 22. Which echo sign resolves early after effective CRT? A. Septal flash B. LV dilation C. MR jet width D. EF Septal flash disappears rapidly with restored synchrony. 23. The best echo marker of long-term prognosis after CRT is: A. EF change B. MR reduction C. LVESV reduction D. TAPSE LVESV reduction strongly correlates with survival. 24. Which echo technique is most angle-independent? A. Tissue Doppler B. M-mode C. PW Doppler D. Speckle tracking Strain imaging is largely angle-independent. 25. Which patient is least likely to respond to CRT? A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. Extensive transmural scar D. Apical rocking Scar prevents electrical–mechanical correction. 26. CRT-induced EF improvement occurs mainly due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved contractile efficiency C. Tachycardia D. AV block Synchrony improves effective myocardial work. 27. Which echo parameter is most useful to detect fusion beats? A. EF B. MR jet C. Irregular LVOT VTI D. E/A ratio Beat-to-beat LVOT VTI variability suggests fusion. 28. The most reliable echo marker of mechanical synchrony is: A. SPWMD B. IVMD C. TDI Ts D. Strain timing Strain timing reflects true myocardial deformation. 29. In CRT patients, worsening MR suggests: A. Over-resynchronization B. Suboptimal LV lead position C. Improved preload D. Reverse remodeling Improper timing or lead placement can worsen MR. 30. Which echo sign reflects interventricular dyssynchrony? A. Septal flash B. Apical rocking C. MR D. RV–LV pre-ejection delay IVMD >40 ms indicates interventricular delay. 31. Which echo parameter is least useful post-CRT? A. SPWMD B. LVESV C. EF D. MR severity SPWMD has limited reproducibility. 32. Which CRT response parameter best predicts survival? A. EF rise B. LVESV reduction C. GLS D. TAPSE LVESV reduction has strongest prognostic value. 33. Best echo clue of effective LV capture: A. Increased HR B. EF rise C. Narrowed mechanical delay D. MR reduction Mechanical synchrony improves immediately with capture. 34. Which echo parameter improves earliest after CRT? A. LVESV B. Septal flash C. EF D. MR Mechanical dyssynchrony resolves before remodeling. 35. CRT non-response with preserved synchrony suggests: A. Lead failure B. MR progression C. AV delay error D. Myocardial disease Underlying cardiomyopathy may limit response. 36. The best echo view for septal flash detection: A. Parasternal long-axis B. Apical four-chamber C. Subcostal D. Suprasternal PLAX best demonstrates early septal inward motion. 37. Which echo finding suggests suboptimal AV delay? A. Increased EF B. Reduced MR C. Truncated A wave D. Narrow LVOT VTI A-wave truncation indicates excessively short AV delay. 38. Best echo marker to suspect LV lead dislodgement: A. EF drop B. Reappearance of septal flash C. MR D. LV dilation Return of dyssynchrony suggests loss of LV capture. 39. Which echo sign correlates with electrical LBBB correction? A. EF rise B. MR reduction C. LVESV fall D. Resolution of septal flash Septal flash directly reflects LBBB-related dyssynchrony. 40. Ultimate echocardiographic goal of CRT is: A. Narrow QRS B. Increased HR C. Reverse LV remodeling D. Reduced preload Clinical benefit is mediated through reverse remodeling.

Heart Failure

Echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), aligned with ACC/AHA/ESC practice, echo lab workflow, and...

Pericardial Diseases

Pericarditis – Core Concepts

Pericarditis – Core Concepts Definition Inflammation of the pericardial sac, which may be acute, incessant,...

Cardiac arrhythmia / Cardiology

Ion channelopathies in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias

1. Definition and Scope Ion channelopathies are disorders caused by dysfunction of cardiac ion channels...

Cardiac arrhythmia / Cardiology / Medicine

Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy — One-Liners

Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy — 50 Rapid-Fire One-Liners Next add-ons I can generate immediately (same style):...

Coronary artery disease

Molecular Basis of Coronary Artery Disease — High‑Yield MCQs

Molecular Basis of Coronary Artery Disease — 40 High‑Yield MCQs Final‑week Rapid Revision — Molecular...

Coronary artery disease

Landmark and practice-changing clinical trials in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Landmark and practice-changing clinical trials in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Snapshot — quick summary Key...

Coronary artery disease / Medicine

Post-PCI DAPT Summary (Clinician-Level)

Post-PCI DAPT Summary (Clinician-Level) 1. Core Components DAPT = Aspirin + P2Y12 inhibitor P2Y12 inhibitor...

infographic on mechanical complications ACS

Coronary artery disease

ACS -Advanced: Mechanical Complications & Shock — 40 Interactive MCQs

ACS -Advanced: Mechanical Complications & Shock — 40 Interactive MCQs 1. A 62-year-old man 3...

Medicine / Nephrology

KDIGO Guidelines — How to Assess Proteinuria

KDIGO Guidelines — How to Assess Proteinuria (2024 Update) KDIGO recommends initial testing and confirmation...

Cardiology / Medicine

Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI)

The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), or Lee criteria, is a widely used tool for predicting...

Cardiac arrhythmia

⚡Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study — 20 MCQs

⚡Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study — 20 MCQs ⚡ Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study —...

Medicine

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5 important Points Erythropoietin Resistance Index PNG

Medicine

Erythropoietin Resistance Index – Advanced MCQs (USMLE / NEET-SS style)

Erythropoietin Resistance Index – Advanced MCQs (USMLE / NEET-SS style) ERI — Advanced MCQs (USMLE...

GRACE Risk Score for Risk Prediction in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes

Coronary artery disease

GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) score

🫀 GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) Score — Overview 🔹 Purpose The GRACE...

Medical Calculators

Ranson Score Calculator — Acute Pancreatitis

Ranson Score Calculator — Acute Pancreatitis .button-container { text-align: center; /* Centers the buttons horizontally...

Neurology

Cushing’s triad

Cushing’s triad Cushing’s triad is a classic clinical sign of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), often...

Cardiac arrhythmia

WPW Syndrome

WPW Syndrome Causes Symptoms WPW syndrome symptoms appear when a fast heartbeat occurs and vary...

ECG Questions

Low QRS Voltage in ECG

Low QRS Voltage in ECG 🔹 Definition Low QRS Voltage is defined when the amplitude...

Surgery

Rigler’s Triad

Rigler’s Triad Components ⚡ Clinical Relevance:Rigler’s triad is an important radiologic sign in Gallstone Ileus,...

Medicine

Graves’ Dermopathy

Graves’ Dermopathy ✅ Triad Explained (Associated with Graves’ Disease) Digital clubbing, soft tissue swelling of...

Cardiology

Baroreflex failure – Triad in partial dysfunction

Baroreflex failure – Triad in partial dysfunction Baroreflex Failure (BRF) The baroreflex (or baroreceptor reflex)...

Cardiac arrhythmia / ECG Questions

Ashman Phenomenon

Ashman Phenomenon (Ashman Beat) Q1. Ashman phenomenon is most commonly seen in: A) Atrial fibrillation...

Clinical Cardiology / Medicine

Fried Frailty Criteria

he Fried Frailty Criteria (also called the Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS] Frailty Phenotype) is one...

Clinical Cardiology

Kussmaul’s Sign

Kussmaul’s Sign – Overview 🔹 Definition Kussmaul’s sign is the paradoxical rise in jugular venous...

Cathlab / Medicine

Werner classification of collaterals

Werner Classification of Coronary Collaterals (angiographic classification, widely used in interventional cardiology): Werner Collateral Connection...

ECG Questions

Digitalis effect

Digitalis effect 1. Which ECG change is most characteristic of the digitalis effect? A. Scooped...

Medicine

ECG Changes in Hypokalemia

ECG Changes in Hypokalemia 1. What is the hallmark ECG change in hypokalemia? Peaked T...

Congenital Heart Disease / Medicine

Coronary Artery Fistula

Coronary Artery Fistula 1. What is a coronary artery fistula (CAF)? A. An abnormal connection...

Coronary artery disease

Vieussens’ ring

Vieussens’ ring Vieussens’ ring is an important epicardial collateral arterial connection between the conus branch...

Echocardiogram / Medicine

Speckle tracking echocardiography

1. What is the primary parameter measured in speckle tracking echocardiography? A. Myocardial strain B....

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