Qp/Qs ratio >1
Ratio of total pulmonary blood flow to total systemic blood flow [Qp/Qs] ratio > 1...
Mitral Stenosis with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension
Mitral Stenosis with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Classic Murmur of Mitral Stenosis Mid-diastolic low-pitched rumbling murmur...
Murmur of Mitral Stenosis
Murmur of Mitral Stenosis Classic Murmur of Mitral Stenosis Murmur of Mitral Stenosis Mid-diastolic low-pitched...
‘Opening Snap’ in Mitral Stenosis
‘Opening Snap’ in Mitral Stenosis ‘Opening Snap’ in Mitral Stenosis High-pitched early diastolic sound due...
What is the nature of the ‘second heart sound’ in Mitral Stenosis?
What is the nature of the ‘second heart sound’ in Mitral Stenosis? Nature of the...
What is the ‘first heart sound’ in Mitral Stenosis?
What is the ‘first heart sound’ in Mitral Stenosis? First heart sound (S1) is typically...
What are the findings of Mitral Stenosis before proceeding to auscultation?
What are the findings of Mitral Stenosis before proceeding to auscultation?
A2-OS interval
Mitral Stenosis A2-OS interval Opening snap (OS) of the mitral stenosis is a high-pitched early...
What is the cause of ‘malar flush’ in Mitral valve stenosis?
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What is ‘Mitral facies’? Mitral facies is a distinctive facial appearance associated with mitral stenosis...
Burn clinical points
Most common cause of superficial burns A. Chemical burn B. Sun exposure C. Scald D….
Burns
All are true of carbon monoxide poisoning except A. Death occurs with carboxyhemoglobin concentrations around…
Lambda (λ) sign in USG
Lambda (λ) sign What is lambda sign? Lambda sign refers to the triangular projection of…
Congenital/ infectious disorders of Skin
All are true of chromosome 9 except A. Translocation of genetic material between chromosomes 9…
Oncology MCQs-1
Ann Arbor classification is for
Most significant risk factor for cancer overall is
Most significant risk factor for cancer overall is age; two thirds of all cases were in those aged >65 years
Cancer is the second leading cause of death behind
heart disease
Which of the following is standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks?
Standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks
Karnofsky performance status
RECIST Criteria for Solid Tumours progressive disease is defined as the appearance of any new lesion or an increase of ------- in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions
>25% Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours - RECIST Criteria Progressive disease is defined as the appearance of any new lesion or an increase of >25% in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions
or an increase of 20% in the sums of the longest diameters by RECIST.
Most common cause of cancer death in the world
Dukes classification is for
Dukes classification
colorectal cancers
Calcitonin used diagnostically as a tumor marker for
Patients with calcitonin levels >100 pg/mL have a high risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma (~90%–100%),
Which of the following tumor is least likely to be disseminated at presentation?
Hematopoietic tumors such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma are often disseminated at presentation and do not spread like solid tumors
Most common cancer
Lung cancer
Lung cancer
Which Adenocarcinoma of lung is most aggressive?
lepidic subtype is associated with good prognosis, acinar and papillary subtypes show intermediate prognosis, whereas micropapillary and solid subtypes correlate with the worst prognosis
Leading cause of cancer death
carcinoma lung
lung cancer is the most diagnosed type of cancer, and the leading cause of cancer death
Horner's syndrome is common in lung tumors at
Apex
Horner's syndrome - seen in Pancoast tumor which is a tumor of the apex of the lung.
Most common symptom of carcinoma lungs
Cough
CK7 is present in many lung cancers, but absent from
squamous cell carcinomas.
Adenocarcinomas tend to express Napsin-A and TTF-1; squamous cell carcinomas lack Napsin-A and TTF-1, but express p63 and its cancer-specific isoform p40
"Driver mutations" – are particularly common in adenocarcinomas
Adenocarcinoma
Most common with carcinoma lung
Hypercalcemia
Most common is hypercalcemia caused by over-production of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone.
Which Adenocarcinoma of lung is least aggressive?
lepidic type adenocarcinoma - grow along the alveolar walls
lepidic subtype is associated with good prognosis, acinar and papillary subtypes show intermediate prognosis, whereas micropapillary and solid subtypes correlate with the worst prognosis
Small cell lung cancer are most commonly found near
center of the lung
SCLC tumors are often found near the center of the lungs, in the major airways
Which of the following tumor develops hollow cavity and associated cell death at the center of the tumor?
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Squamous-cell carcinoma causes about 30% of lung cancers. Occur close to large airways. Hollow cavity commonly found at the center of the tumor.
Pathology Flash Cards-1
Lung cancers % in active smokers or those who stopped recently
Commonest type of carcinoma lungs
• Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)
• Small cell carcinoma (14%)
• Large cell carcinoma (3%)
• Other (25%)
Most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide
Carcinoma lungs in women and nonsmokers
Which type of peripheral neuropathy occurs in carcinoma lungs?
Which is the most frequent malignancy in individuals exposed to asbestos
Which type of lung carcinoma shows the strongest association with smoking?
Most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world
Pancoast tumors
Severe pain in the distribution of the ulnar nerve
Horner syndrome (enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis) on the same side as the lesion
Lung Cancer in Never Smokers.
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Image Question-31
What is the Diagnosis of Image? Image Question-31 What is the Diagnosis of MRI Image?…
Anatomy of Skin
Epidermis has ——- layers where the skin is thick A. four B. five C. six…
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
All are true regarding epidermis except A. Keratinocytes replaced via mitoses in the cells of…
Neuroanatomy Flash Cards-2
Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings
Brushfield spots
Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies
Similar spots seen in iris like Brushfield spots Found in individuals without Down syndrome.
Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies- these spots typically are less well defined, fewer in number and more peripherally located than the Brushfield spots of trisomy 21.
Filum terminale
Kayser–Fleischer rings and impairment of vision
Lisch nodules
Rarely seen in individuals without NF1 like segmental neurofibromatosis and Watson syndrome.
Dentate ligament
What is the pathophysiology of Kayser–Fleischer rings ?
Is Kayser–Fleischer rings is specific to Wilson disease ?
What happens to Kayser–Fleischer rings after treatment?
Sunflower cataract
Sunflower cataract and KF rings.
Schirmer's test
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Hingorani sign
Hingorani Sign Definition: The Hingorani sign refers to dorsal foot pain reproduced on passive plantar…
Bands of Ladd
Ladd’s bands Bands of Ladd – Overview 🔹 Definition Ladd’s bands are peritoneal fibrous bands…
Ultrasound in Early Pregnancy
Transvaginal ultrasound is —————– to transabdominal ultrasound for early pregnancy evaluation A. Superior B. Inferior…
Placenta Previa
Major complication of placenta previa is A. Postpartum hemorrhageB. Requires the delivery by cesarean deliveryC….
