A. Pedal edema
B. Sacral edema
C. Periorbital edema
D. Pulmonary edema
ANSWER – C.
Periorbital edema
Periorbital edema – characteristic finding in severe renal disease
A. Congestive Heart Failure
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Inflammation
D. Deep vein thrombosis
ANSWER – B.
Hypoalbuminemia.
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure – Hypoalbuminemia
A. Ruptured popliteal cyst
B. DVT
C. Cellulitis
D. Congestive Heart Failure
ANSWER – D.
Congestive Heart Failure.
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Acute EDEMA of a limb over a period of less than 72 hours is characteristic of :
– Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
– Cellulitis
– Ruptured popliteal cyst
– Acute compartment syndrome from trauma
– Recent initiation of calcium channel blockers
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Cellulitis
D. Protein-losing enteropathies
ANSWER – C.
Celulitis -usually unilateral edema seen in cellulitis
Bilateral or generalized swelling suggests a systemic cause –
CHF
– Pulmonary hypertension
– Chronic renal failure
– Hepatic disease (causing hypoalbuminemia)
– Protein-losing enteropathies
A. Lymphoedema
B. Myxedema
C. Lipedema
D. Protein-losing enteropathies
ANSWER – D.
Protein-losing enteropathies.
Causes pitting edema.
Non-pitting edema is seen in
– Lymphoedema
– Myxedema
– Lipedema
A. Lymphoedema
B. Myxedema
C. Cellulitis
D. Venous insufficiency
ANSWER – D.
venous insufficiency.
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Yellow-brown hemosiderin deposition is seen in venous insufficiency
A. Hormone replacement therapy
B. Combined oral contraceptive pill
C. Dapagliflozin
D. NSAIDs
ANSWER – C.
Dapagliflozin.
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Water retension seen by medicatios –
– Estrogens- hormone replacement therapy or the combined oral contraceptive pill
– Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
– Calcium channel blockers
A. Intracerebral hemorrhage
B. Glioblastoma
C. Acute liver failure
D. Hypoxia
ANSWER – B.
Glioblastoma.
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CNS tumors, like glioblastoma and meningioma cause vasogenic edema.
A. Oxygen
B. Antibodies
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. Hormones
ANSWER – B.
Antibodies.
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Blood Brain Barrier – restricts the passage of peripheral immune factors, like signaling molecules, antibodies, and immune cells, into the CNS, to prevent the brain from damage due to peripheral immune events.
In-Shorts
Acute liver failure – Causes Cytotoxic Cerebral Edema.
In acute Liver Failure toxic waste ammonia accumulates in the blood stream and crosses the blood–brain barrier.
Hyperammonemia in central nervous system (CNS) cells causes oxidative stress and mitochrondrial dysfunction, leading to astrocytic cell swelling.
Additionally, ammonia is converted to glutamine in CNS cells which acts as an osmolyte and draws further water into the cell through osmosis.
Cerebral edema occurs most commonly in conjunction with a rapid rise in ammonia levels.
Blood–brain barrier allows the diffusion of hydrophobic molecules –
– O2
– CO2
– hormones
– small non-polar molecules
– Actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier using specific transport proteins
