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Cardiology / Coronary artery disease

Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease

Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) (Barker Hypothesis / Developmental Origins of Health and...

Cardiology / Evaluation of Patients

Optical Coherence Tomography

1. What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Optical Coherence Tomography is an invasive intravascular imaging...

Cardiology / Coronary artery disease

100 FAQs on Newer Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome

100 FAQs on Newer Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome HIGH-LEVEL, NEET-SS / DM–oriented set of...

Cardiology

Newer biomarkers in acute coronarysyndrome

1. Novel Myocardial Injury / Necrosis Biomarkers High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (hs-cTnI / hs-cTnT) Although now...

11. The preferred echocardiographic method for AV delay optimization in CRT is: A. E/e′ ratio B. Pulmonary vein flow C. Mitral inflow E–A separation D. Tissue Doppler Ts Optimal AV delay produces longest LV filling without E/A truncation. 12. Which echo parameter is maximized during VV delay optimization? A. EF B. MR jet area C. Septal motion D. LVOT VTI LVOT VTI reflects stroke volume and is the preferred echo marker. 13. Which echocardiographic feature indicates pseudo-nonresponse to CRT? A. No EF improvement B. Inadequate biventricular pacing C. Extensive scar D. RV dysfunction Fusion beats or low BiV pacing percentage can mimic CRT failure. 14. EchoCRT trial showed harm when CRT was used in patients with: A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. EF <30% D. Narrow QRS despite dyssynchrony CRT is contraindicated in narrow QRS even if echo dyssynchrony exists. 15. Which echocardiographic sign best predicts favorable reverse remodeling? A. Apical rocking B. SPWMD C. E/A fusion D. IVMD Apical rocking reflects correctable mechanical dyssynchrony. 16. Which LV segment should be avoided for lead placement? A. Latest activated B. Lateral wall C. Scarred myocardium D. Posterolateral wall Scarred segments do not respond to resynchronization pacing. 17. Reduction in functional MR after CRT is primarily due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved LV synchrony C. Increased LV contractility D. Shortened PR interval Synchronous contraction restores leaflet coaptation. 18. Which echo finding predicts poor CRT response in AF? A. LV dilation B. MR C. Septal flash D. Variable diastolic filling Irregular RR intervals impair effective resynchronization. 19. GLS improves after CRT due to: A. Increased preload B. Reduced afterload C. Improved synchrony D. Tachycardia CRT restores coordinated myocardial deformation. 20. Which echo parameter best reflects stroke volume? A. EF B. LVOT VTI C. E/e′ D. TAPSE LVOT VTI directly correlates with forward stroke volume. 21. RV dysfunction limits CRT benefit primarily by: A. Reduced EF B. Increased MR C. Delayed LV activation D. Reduced preload to LV RV failure limits LV filling despite resynchronization. 22. Which echo sign resolves early after effective CRT? A. Septal flash B. LV dilation C. MR jet width D. EF Septal flash disappears rapidly with restored synchrony. 23. The best echo marker of long-term prognosis after CRT is: A. EF change B. MR reduction C. LVESV reduction D. TAPSE LVESV reduction strongly correlates with survival. 24. Which echo technique is most angle-independent? A. Tissue Doppler B. M-mode C. PW Doppler D. Speckle tracking Strain imaging is largely angle-independent. 25. Which patient is least likely to respond to CRT? A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. Extensive transmural scar D. Apical rocking Scar prevents electrical–mechanical correction. 26. CRT-induced EF improvement occurs mainly due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved contractile efficiency C. Tachycardia D. AV block Synchrony improves effective myocardial work. 27. Which echo parameter is most useful to detect fusion beats? A. EF B. MR jet C. Irregular LVOT VTI D. E/A ratio Beat-to-beat LVOT VTI variability suggests fusion. 28. The most reliable echo marker of mechanical synchrony is: A. SPWMD B. IVMD C. TDI Ts D. Strain timing Strain timing reflects true myocardial deformation. 29. In CRT patients, worsening MR suggests: A. Over-resynchronization B. Suboptimal LV lead position C. Improved preload D. Reverse remodeling Improper timing or lead placement can worsen MR. 30. Which echo sign reflects interventricular dyssynchrony? A. Septal flash B. Apical rocking C. MR D. RV–LV pre-ejection delay IVMD >40 ms indicates interventricular delay. 31. Which echo parameter is least useful post-CRT? A. SPWMD B. LVESV C. EF D. MR severity SPWMD has limited reproducibility. 32. Which CRT response parameter best predicts survival? A. EF rise B. LVESV reduction C. GLS D. TAPSE LVESV reduction has strongest prognostic value. 33. Best echo clue of effective LV capture: A. Increased HR B. EF rise C. Narrowed mechanical delay D. MR reduction Mechanical synchrony improves immediately with capture. 34. Which echo parameter improves earliest after CRT? A. LVESV B. Septal flash C. EF D. MR Mechanical dyssynchrony resolves before remodeling. 35. CRT non-response with preserved synchrony suggests: A. Lead failure B. MR progression C. AV delay error D. Myocardial disease Underlying cardiomyopathy may limit response. 36. The best echo view for septal flash detection: A. Parasternal long-axis B. Apical four-chamber C. Subcostal D. Suprasternal PLAX best demonstrates early septal inward motion. 37. Which echo finding suggests suboptimal AV delay? A. Increased EF B. Reduced MR C. Truncated A wave D. Narrow LVOT VTI A-wave truncation indicates excessively short AV delay. 38. Best echo marker to suspect LV lead dislodgement: A. EF drop B. Reappearance of septal flash C. MR D. LV dilation Return of dyssynchrony suggests loss of LV capture. 39. Which echo sign correlates with electrical LBBB correction? A. EF rise B. MR reduction C. LVESV fall D. Resolution of septal flash Septal flash directly reflects LBBB-related dyssynchrony. 40. Ultimate echocardiographic goal of CRT is: A. Narrow QRS B. Increased HR C. Reverse LV remodeling D. Reduced preload Clinical benefit is mediated through reverse remodeling.

Heart Failure

Echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), aligned with ACC/AHA/ESC practice, echo lab workflow, and...

Cardiology Shorts / Short Questions

Erythropoietin (ESA) Resistance — 50 FAQs

Erythropoietin (ESA) Resistance — 50 FAQs ESA Resistance & HIF-PH Inhibitors — 40 Ultra–High-Difficulty SS...

Heart Failure

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) Definition HFpEF is a clinical syndrome of heart...

Coronary artery disease

Molecular Basis of Coronary Artery Disease — High‑Yield MCQs

Molecular Basis of Coronary Artery Disease — 40 High‑Yield MCQs Final‑week Rapid Revision — Molecular...

Coronary artery disease / Medicine

Post-PCI DAPT Summary (Clinician-Level)

Post-PCI DAPT Summary (Clinician-Level) 1. Core Components DAPT = Aspirin + P2Y12 inhibitor P2Y12 inhibitor...

Medicine

SIADH -MCQs (PG / SS level)

1. Classic biochemical criterion for SIADH is: A. Serum Na⁺ > 145 mEq/L B. Serum...

Medicine

How to Assess Proteinuria

🧪 How to Assess Proteinuria — 30 Key Points (KDIGO-Aligned)

Cardiac arrhythmia

⚡Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study — 20 MCQs

⚡Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study — 20 MCQs ⚡ Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome & Electrophysiology Study —...

Medicine

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5 important Points Erythropoietin Resistance Index PNG

Medicine

Erythropoietin Resistance Index – Advanced MCQs (USMLE / NEET-SS style)

Erythropoietin Resistance Index – Advanced MCQs (USMLE / NEET-SS style) ERI — Advanced MCQs (USMLE...

Medicine

Rasmussen aneurysm

Rasmussen aneurysm 🩸 Rasmussen Aneurysm — Overview A Rasmussen aneurysm is a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm...

Neurology

Cushing’s triad

Cushing’s triad Cushing’s triad is a classic clinical sign of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), often...

Cardiac arrhythmia

WPW Syndrome

WPW Syndrome Causes Symptoms WPW syndrome symptoms appear when a fast heartbeat occurs and vary...

Cardiology

Aschoff body

Aschoff body An Aschoff body (also called Aschoff nodule) is the pathognomonic lesion of rheumatic...

ECG Questions

Low QRS Voltage in ECG

Low QRS Voltage in ECG 🔹 Definition Low QRS Voltage is defined when the amplitude...

Surgery

Rigler’s Triad

Rigler’s Triad Components ⚡ Clinical Relevance:Rigler’s triad is an important radiologic sign in Gallstone Ileus,...

Medicine

Graves’ Dermopathy

Graves’ Dermopathy ✅ Triad Explained (Associated with Graves’ Disease) Digital clubbing, soft tissue swelling of...

Calculator

Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) Calculator

🎯 Target Heart Rate Calculator Enter Your Age: Choose Formula: Traditional (220 − age)Tanaka (208...

Pericardial Diseases

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Effusion Definition:Pericardial effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac (the...

Cathlab / Medicine

Werner classification of collaterals

Werner Classification of Coronary Collaterals (angiographic classification, widely used in interventional cardiology): Werner Collateral Connection...

Cathlab

Rentrop classification of coronary collaterals

Rentrop classification of coronary collaterals What is the Rentrop classification of coronary collaterals? The Rentrop...

ECG Questions

Digitalis effect

Digitalis effect 1. Which ECG change is most characteristic of the digitalis effect? A. Scooped...

ECG Questions

Digoxin like effect of Estrogen on ECG

Estrogen’s Digoxin-Like Effect on ECG: ✅ Summary:Estrogen can produce ST depression with a scooped appearance,...

Heart Failure

Bernheim effect

Bernheim effect The Bernheim effect is a clinical sign related to left ventricular compression by...

Congenital Heart Disease / Medicine

Coronary Artery Fistula

Coronary Artery Fistula 1. What is a coronary artery fistula (CAF)? A. An abnormal connection...

Coronary artery disease / NSTE-ACS

Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome 1. Which of the following best describes Non-ST Segment...

Cardiomyopathy / Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, Stress Cardiomyopathy, Broken Heart Syndrome 1. What is the most common precipitating factor...

Medicine

Ketone Bodies

Ketone Bodies What are Ketone Bodies? Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules produced by the liver...

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