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Nephrology MCQs-4

Contents1 Mature GBM consists of2 Major symptom of ‘Thin Basement Membrane Disease’3 Type IV collagen...

Podocytes

Contents1 Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the2 Podocytes are cells in3 Which cells become...

Gallavardin phenomenon

Contents1 Gallavardin phenomenon is seen in2 In Gallavardin phenomenon selective high-frequency components radiate to the3...

Heart failure cells

Contents1 Heart failure cells are2 Siderophage is a hemosiderin-containing macrophage.3 How the Heart Failure cells...

Dust cells

Alveolar Macrophage are called Dust cells Dust cells contain numerous secondary lysosomes and lipid droplets....

Frey syndrome

Contents1 All are TRUE about Frey syndrome EXCEPT2 Gustatory sweating and flushing3 Synkinetic mechanism for...

Skin Adnexa

Contents1 The major collagen component of the basal lamina is2 All are true of the...


Lung cancer

CK7 is present in many lung cancers, but absent from

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squamous cell carcinomas.


Adenocarcinomas tend to express Napsin-A and TTF-1; squamous cell carcinomas lack Napsin-A and TTF-1, but express p63 and its cancer-specific isoform p40

Horner's syndrome is common in lung tumors at

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Apex


Horner's syndrome - seen in Pancoast tumor which is a tumor of the apex of the lung.

"Driver mutations" – are particularly common in adenocarcinomas

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Adenocarcinoma

Which Adenocarcinoma of lung is least aggressive?

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lepidic type adenocarcinoma - grow along the alveolar walls


lepidic subtype is associated with good prognosis, acinar and papillary subtypes show intermediate prognosis, whereas micropapillary and solid subtypes correlate with the worst prognosis

Small cell lung cancer are most commonly found near

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center of the lung


SCLC tumors are often found near the center of the lungs, in the major airways

Leading cause of cancer death

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carcinoma lung


lung cancer is the most diagnosed type of cancer, and the leading cause of cancer death

Which of the following tumor develops hollow cavity and associated cell death at the center of the tumor?

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Squamous-cell carcinoma


Squamous-cell carcinoma causes about 30% of lung cancers. Occur close to large airways. Hollow cavity commonly found at the center of the tumor.

Which Adenocarcinoma of lung is most aggressive?

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lepidic subtype is associated with good prognosis, acinar and papillary subtypes show intermediate prognosis, whereas micropapillary and solid subtypes correlate with the worst prognosis

Most common symptom of carcinoma lungs

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Cough

Most common with carcinoma lung

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Hypercalcemia


Most common is hypercalcemia caused by over-production of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone.

Pathology Flash Cards-1

Which is the most frequent malignancy in individuals exposed to asbestos

Which is the most frequent malignancy in individuals exposed to asbestos
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Lung cancer

Carcinoma lungs in women and nonsmokers

Carcinoma lungs in women and nonsmokers
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women and nonsmokers - adenocarcinomas are the most common cancers

Most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world

Most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world
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Lung cancer

Lung cancers % in active smokers or those who stopped recently

Lung cancers % in active smokers or those who stopped recently
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80% of lung cancers occur in active smokers or those who stopped recently

Commonest type of carcinoma lungs

Commonest type of carcinoma lungs
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Adenocarcinoma ------ Adenocarcinoma (38%)
• Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)
• Small cell carcinoma (14%)
• Large cell carcinoma (3%)
• Other (25%)

Pancoast tumors

Pancoast tumors
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Apical lung cancers in the superior pulmonary sulcus tend to invade the neural structures
Severe pain in the distribution of the ulnar nerve
Horner syndrome (enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis) on the same side as the lesion

Most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide

Most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide
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Lung cancer

Which type of peripheral neuropathy occurs in carcinoma lungs?

Which type of peripheral neuropathy occurs in carcinoma lungs?
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peripheral neuropathy - usually purely sensory

Which type of lung carcinoma shows the strongest association with smoking?

Which type of lung carcinoma shows the strongest association with smoking?
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Small cell carcinoma shows the strongest association with smoking

Lung Cancer in Never Smokers.

Lung Cancer in Never Smokers.
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The WHO estimates that 25% of lung cancer worldwide occurs in never smokers

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Neuroanatomy Flash Cards-2

Lisch nodules

What are 'Lisch nodules ' ?
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Lisch nodules- iris hamartomas pathognomic markers of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Rarely seen in individuals without NF1 like segmental neurofibromatosis and Watson syndrome.

Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies

Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies
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Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies
Similar spots seen in iris like Brushfield spots Found in individuals without Down syndrome.
Krückmann-Wolfflin bodies- these spots typically are less well defined, fewer in number and more peripherally located than the Brushfield spots of trisomy 21.

Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings

Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings are seen in which conditions?
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Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings are a common ophthalmologic finding in patients with Wilson disease

Filum terminale

Filum terminale is about ----------- cm in length
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Filum terminale is about 20 cm in length

Brushfield spots

Brushfield spots
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Brushfield spots on the iris due to Down’s syndrome

Sunflower cataract

Sunflower cataract
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Ocular signs of Wilson disease
Sunflower cataract and KF rings.

Kayser–Fleischer rings and impairment of vision

Kayser–Fleischer rings and impairment of vision
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Kayser–Fleischer rings do not cause any impairment of vision

Schirmer's test

What is Schirmer's test ?
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Schirmer's test -Record measurement of tear secretion in patients with suspected 'dry eyes'.

Is Kayser–Fleischer rings is specific to Wilson disease ?

Is Kayser–Fleischer rings is specific to Wilson disease ?
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KF rings are not specific to Wilson disease alone, they are also seen in other chronic cholestatic disorders such as primary biliary cholangitis and children with neonatal cholestasis

What is the pathophysiology of Kayser–Fleischer rings ?

How the Kayser–Fleischer rings are formed ?
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Kayser–Fleischer rings are dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition in part of the Descemet's membrane as a result of liver diseases

Dentate ligament

What is dentate ligament?
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Dentate ligament - dentate ligaments extend along the lateral surface of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior nerve roots, from the pia to the dura mater

What happens to Kayser–Fleischer rings after treatment?

What happens to Kayser–Fleischer rings after treatment?
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Kayser–Fleischer rings- disappear with treatment and reappear with disease progression.

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Hingorani sign

Hingorani sign is useful to differentiate which of the following condition in pregnancy: A. Tubal…

Bands of Ladd

Ladd’s bands What is ‘Bands of Ladd’? Fibrous stalks of peritoneal tissue that attach the…

Placenta Previa

Major complication of placenta previa is A. Postpartum hemorrhageB. Requires the delivery by cesarean deliveryC….

Neuroanatomy Flash Cards-1

What is the 'motor strip' called?

What is the 'motor strip' called?
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The precentral gyrus lies just anterior to the central sulcus - is called motor strip

Broca's area is present in which location?

Broca's area is present in which location?
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Left inferior frontal gyrus
Broca's area is not present in both hemispheres. Instead, it is within the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.
The dominant hemisphere, in most individuals, is the left hemisphere. Therefore, Broca's area is most commonly present in the left inferior frontal gyrus.

What is Sylvian fissure?

What is Sylvian fissure?
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Sylvian fissure is a laterally located horizontal fissure and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe. This is also called as The lateral fissure.

Brodmann area ------------ refers to the primary motor cortex of the human brain.

Brodmann area ---------------refers to the primary motor cortex of the human brain.
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Brodmann area 4 refers to the primary motor cortex of the human brain.

What are the names of principal gyri of frontal lobe?

What are the names of principal gyri of frontal lobe?
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Frontal lobe is made up of four principal gyri: precentral, superior frontal, middle frontal, and inferior frontal.

Which cells are the primary excitation units of the prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract?

Which cells are the primary excitation units of the prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract?
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Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons

Precentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus is also known as --------
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Motor strip or primary motor cortex - Responsible for executing voluntary movements.

What is the 'sensory strip'?

What is the 'sensory strip'?
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Motor strip is responsible for movement - frontal lobe. Sensory strip is responsible for all sensations -parietal lobe

Pyramidal cells are found in which areas of the brain ?

Pyramidal cells are found in which areas of the brain ?
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Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala

What is Broca's area ?

What is Broca's area ?
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Broca's area is responsible for speech

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Coumadin Ridge

Coumadin RidgeCoumadin ridge, also known as a warfarin ridge or left lateral ridge “Q-tip sign”…

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